Sultan Abdul Hamid II was standing as an obstacle to the European ambitions to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the Zionist ambitions in Palestine. The machinations succeeded to remove him from the succession in 1909 (1327 Hijri) with the cooperation of the party of Union and Progress. This party was the first political party to appear in the Ottoman Empire and became the owner of the real power in the Ottoman state, while most of its members were Masons. The Turkish army officers were the most prominent members of the party led by Mustafa Kamel.
Abdul Hamid assumed the Caliphate after the deposition of his brother, Prince Rashad who was called, Muhammad V. He was forty six years old and the Ottoman throne and Empire were dying, but the state was consistent to some extent. The Sultan submitted to the members of the Union Party, who sought to settle the power in their grip, but their expectations were not met. They faced a stiff opposition from public opinion calling for the support of the rights of succession and amending the Constitution to achieve this goal.
When the World War I started in 1914 (1333 Hijri), the government of the Union and Progress took the side of Germany. Turkey entered a war beyond its control and aborted its human, economic and military powers, where Turkish army was the ruptured at all borders and frontiers as a result of failed leadership. The war ended in 1918 (1337 Hijri) with the defeat of Germany and Turkey and the succeeded state was destroyed and cut apart, as the British captured the fort Aldrndel. The French and English armies, occupied the city of Istanbul and Greece occupied Izmir and signed “Medroz” truce which provided for the surrender of the Ottoman Empire without restrictions or conditions. The Ottoman forces began to lay down their arms and the Allies got prepared to occupy Istanbul and other Turkish cities. The spirit of revenge made by the Allies and religious minorities led to the growth of the resistance spirit of the Turks.
As for the senior men of Union and Progress Party, whom had the capabilities of the country in their hands, they have fled the country. The new Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Waheed Al Dein was aware that Turkey’s presence is necessary for the West to balance them, and that Britain and France would not allow the total elimination of Turkey because this paves the way for the communist Russia to take over Anatolia, and consequently over Bosphorus Strait Aldrndel. All what they wanted was to make the Ottoman Empire a small country like the states that will be on its ruins. Therefore, the Sultan believed that what was taken from the Ottoman Empire by force cannot be restored except by fight, and there must be a revolution in the country. Thus he retained Mustafa Kamal, and entrusted him with a revolution in eastern Anatolia in order to allow politicians to use the leverage this revolution as leverage during the decade of peace with the Allies in order to obtain as much as possible of the gain. To cover up this revolution, especially from the British who were in control of Istanbul, Sultan Waheed appointed Mustafa Kamel inspector of the armies of Anatolia and gave him wide powers, gave him a large sum of money and place confidence in him, but he betrayed the Sultan and worked for himself.
